# APA 7.0 Complete Guide for Chinese Citations

A Chinese APA 7.0 citation format guide based on Taiwan academic conventions. This guide is a Chinese-language extension of `apa7_extended_guide.md`, used by `citation_compliance_agent`, `draft_writer_agent`, and `formatter_agent`.

---

## Chinese Journal Articles

### Basic Format

```
Author1, Author2 (Year). Article title. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), Pages. https://doi.org/xxxxx
```

### Examples

**Single author**:
```
Wang, Da-Ming (2024). The impact of declining birthrate on private university management strategies. Journal of Higher Education, 15(2), 45-68. https://doi.org/10.6152/jhe.2024.0502.03
```

**Two authors**:
```
Wang, Da-Ming, & Li, Xiao-Hua (2024). The evolution and prospects of Taiwan's higher education quality assurance system. Bulletin of Educational Research, 70(1), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.3966/102887082024037001001
```

**Three or more authors**:
```
Wang, Da-Ming, Li, Xiao-Hua, Zhang, San-Feng, Chen, Si-Hai, & Lin, Wu-Zhou (2023). A meta-analysis of blended learning models on university student learning outcomes. Bulletin of Educational Psychology, 55(2), 201-228. https://doi.org/10.6251/BEP.202312_55(2).0002
```

**In-text citations**:
- Single author: Wang (2024) states... / ...(Wang, 2024)
- Two authors: Wang and Li (2024)... / ...(Wang & Li, 2024)
- Three or more (first time): Wang et al. (2023)... / ...(Wang et al., 2023)
- Three or more (subsequent): Wang et al. (2023)...

---

## Chinese Books

### Basic Format

```
Author (Year). Book title. Publisher.
```

### Examples

**Single author**:
```
Zhang, San (2023). A history of Taiwan's higher education development. Wu-Nan Books.
```

**Edited book**:
```
Wang, Wu (Ed.) (2023). Higher education quality management: Theory and practice. Higher Education Publishing.
```

**Multiple editions**:
```
Lin, Liu (2024). Educational research methods (5th ed.). Psychological Publishing.
```

**Translated book**:
```
Creswell, J. W. (2023). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (F.-F. Zhang, Trans.; 5th ed.). Scholarly Cultural Enterprise. (Original work published 2018)
```

**In-text citations**:
- Zhang (2023) mentions in his work...
- ...(Zhang, 2023, p. 45-48)
- Translated book: Creswell (2018/2023)...

---

## Chinese Book Chapters

### Basic Format

```
Chapter author (Year). Chapter title. In Editor name (Ed.), Book title (pp. Pages). Publisher.
```

### Examples

```
Li, Si (2023). The evolution of quality assurance systems. In W. Wang (Ed.), Higher education quality management: Theory and practice (pp. 45-78). Higher Education Publishing.
```

```
Chen, Mei-Ling (2024). The practice of university social responsibility. In Z.-C. Lin & S.-L. Huang (Eds.), New trends in Taiwan's university governance (pp. 112-145). Wu-Nan Books.
```

---

## Chinese Theses and Dissertations

### Basic Format

```
Author (Year). Thesis title (Unpublished master's/doctoral dissertation). University name.
```

### Examples

**Unpublished thesis/dissertation**:
```
Chen, Liu (2024). The impact of AI-assisted instruction on student learning outcomes: A case study of National Taiwan University (Unpublished master's thesis). National Taiwan University.
```

**Published (with DOI or database)**:
```
Huang, Qi (2023). A case study of private university transformation strategies (Doctoral dissertation, National Chengchi University). National Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations in Taiwan. https://hdl.handle.net/11296/xxxxx
```

**In-text citations**:
- Chen (2024) found in their study...
- ...(Chen, 2024)

---

## Government Publications

### Basic Format

```
Organization name (Year). Publication title. https://url
```

### Examples

**Government report**:
```
Ministry of Education (2024). Academic Year 113 higher education institution transparency platform statistics. https://udb.moe.edu.tw/
```

**Legislation**:
```
Ministry of Education (2023). University Act (amended June 28, 2023). Laws and Regulations Database of the Republic of China. https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=H0030001
```

**Accreditation report**:
```
Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan (2024). Third-cycle institutional accreditation implementation plan (Academic Years 112-114). https://www.heeact.edu.tw/
```

**In-text citations**:
- Ministry of Education (2024) statistics show...
- ...(Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan, 2024)

---

## Conference Papers

### Basic Format

```
Author (Year, Month). Paper title [Conference paper]. Conference name, Location.
```

### Examples

```
Lin, Ba (2024, November). The impact of generative AI on higher education teaching [Conference paper]. 2024 Taiwan Education Academic Conference, Taipei, Taiwan.
```

---

## Online Resources

### Basic Format

```
Author or organization (Year). Webpage title. Website name. https://url
```

### Examples

```
National Development Council (2024). Population projections (2024 to 2070). https://pop-proj.ndc.gov.tw/
```

```
University TW (2024, March 15). Analysis of Academic Year 113 university admission quotas. University TW website. https://www.unews.com.tw/
```

---

## Mixed Chinese-English Citation Rules

### Reference List Ordering

**Option A (Recommended): Separate Chinese and English**
- Chinese references listed first, ordered by author surname stroke count
- English references listed after, ordered alphabetically by author surname
- Separated by two headings: "Chinese References" and "English References"

**Option B: Mixed Chinese-English Ordering**
- All Chinese and English references listed together
- Chinese ordered by stroke count, English by alphabetical order
- Chinese entries placed at the corresponding phonetic/pinyin letter position (or all Chinese first)

### In-Text Citation Format Differences

| Element | Chinese | English |
|------|------|------|
| Parentheses | Full-width () | Half-width () |
| Multiple author connector | Enumeration comma | & |
| Three or more authors | et al. (Chinese equivalent) | et al. |
| Year format | CE year | CE year |
| Direct quote page | p. (Chinese format) | p. 45 |
| Multi-page quote | pp. (Chinese format) | pp. 45-48 |

### Mixed Citation Example (In-Text)

```
In recent years, the impact of declining birthrates on Taiwan's higher education has received widespread attention (Wang, 2024; Chen & Wang, 2023).
Smith et al. (2024) and Wang et al. (2023) both indicated that private universities face particularly severe enrollment pressure.
```

### Mixed Reference List Example (Option A)

```
References

I. Chinese References

Wang, Da-Ming (2024). The impact of declining birthrate on private university management strategies. Journal of Higher Education, 15(2), 45-68.
    https://doi.org/10.6152/jhe.2024.0502.03
Li, Xiao-Hua, & Zhang, San-Feng (2023). The evolution of Taiwan's higher education quality assurance system. Educational Policy Forum, 26(3), 1-30.
Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan (2024). Third-cycle institutional accreditation implementation plan.
    https://www.heeact.edu.tw/
Ministry of Education (2024). Academic Year 113 higher education institution transparency platform statistics. https://udb.moe.edu.tw/

II. English References

Chen, L., & Wang, T. (2023). Quality assurance in East Asian higher education: A
    comparative study. Higher Education, 85(3), 567-589.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-023-01012-4
Smith, J. A., Jones, B. C., & Brown, D. E. (2024). The impact of declining birth
    rates on private university sustainability. Studies in Higher Education, 49(2),
    234-251. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2024.2301234
```

---

## TSSCI Journal-Specific Conventions

Some Taiwan Social Sciences Citation Index (TSSCI) journals have their own citation format requirements.

### Common Education Journal Format Comparison

| Journal | Citation Format | Special Requirements |
|------|---------|---------|
| Bulletin of Educational Research | APA 7th Chinese edition | Separate Chinese and English |
| Bulletin of Educational Psychology | APA 7th Chinese edition | Separate Chinese and English; English translation of Chinese references required |
| Journal of Research in Education Sciences | APA 7th Chinese edition | Separate Chinese and English |
| Curriculum & Instruction Quarterly | APA 7th Chinese edition | Mixed Chinese-English ordering |
| Educational Policy Forum | APA 7th Chinese edition | Separate Chinese and English; page format uses Chinese page notation |
| Journal of Higher Education | APA 7th Chinese edition | Separate Chinese and English |
| Taiwan Journal of Sociology of Education | APA 7th Chinese edition | Separate Chinese and English |

### Submission Notes

1. **Always check the target journal's submission guidelines** — the above are general conventions only
2. Some journals require English translations appended to Chinese references (in square brackets)
3. Some journals require romanized transliteration for all Chinese references
4. DOI format varies slightly by journal (some require https://doi.org/, others only doi:)

---

## Common Chinese Citation Errors

### 1. Author Name Format

| Error | Correct | Explanation |
|------|------|------|
| Da-Ming Wang (2024) | Wang, Da-Ming (2024) | Chinese names should follow the citation format conventions |
| Wang, Da-Ming (2024) in English format | Use Chinese name in Chinese references | Use Chinese names for Chinese references |
| Wang, Li (2024) without separator | Wang & Li (2024) | Use appropriate connector between authors |

### 2. Year Format

| Error | Correct | Explanation |
|------|------|------|
| Wang (ROC Year 113) | Wang (2024) | APA always uses CE years |
| Wang (2024 year) | Wang (2024) | Do not add the word "year" after the number |
| Wang, 2024 without parentheses | Wang (2024) | Use proper parentheses |

### 3. Punctuation

| Error | Correct | Explanation |
|------|------|------|
| Period after journal name | Comma after journal name | Use comma after journal name to connect to volume/issue |
| "p." before page numbers in journal articles | Page numbers only | Do not add page indicator before page numbers in journal article references |
| Period after DOI/URL | No punctuation after DOI/URL | No period at the end of DOI/URL |

### 4. Book Publication Information

| Error | Correct | Explanation |
|------|------|------|
| Taipei: Publisher. | Publisher. | APA 7 does not require publication location |
| Abbreviated publisher name | Full publisher name. | Use the publisher's full name |

### 5. Translated Book Citations

| Error | Correct |
|------|------|
| Creswell, translated by Zhang (2023) | Creswell, J. W. (2023). Book title (F.-F. Zhang, Trans.; 5th ed.). Publisher. (Original work published 2018) |

---

## Special Situation Handling

### Same Author, Multiple Works in the Same Year

```
In-text: Wang (2024a)... Wang (2024b)...

References:
Wang (2024a). First paper title. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), Pages.
Wang (2024b). Second paper title. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), Pages.
```

### Institutional Authors

```
In-text: Ministry of Education (2024)... / ...(Ministry of Education, 2024)
First mention: Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan [HEEACT] (2024)...
Subsequent: HEEACT (2024)...
```

### Secondary Citations (Indirect Citations)

```
In-text: Wang's research (as cited in Li, 2024) indicates...
References: Only list Li (2024); do not list Wang's original work
```

### Citing AI-Generated Content

```
OpenAI (2024). ChatGPT (Version GPT-4) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com

Anthropic (2024). Claude (Version 3.5 Sonnet) [Large language model]. https://claude.ai
```

---

## Quick Checklist

After completing the reference list, check each item:

- [ ] All in-text citations have corresponding reference list entries
- [ ] All reference list entries have in-text citations
- [ ] Chinese uses full-width punctuation; English uses half-width punctuation
- [ ] Authors are connected with enumeration comma (Chinese) or & symbol (English)
- [ ] Years consistently use CE years
- [ ] No period at the end of DOI/URL
- [ ] Chinese and English reference ordering is correct (stroke count / alphabetical)
- [ ] Translated books include original publication year
- [ ] Institutional authors use full names (abbreviation may be appended on first mention)
- [ ] Book format complies with APA 7 (no publication location)
