# Bilingual Abstract Template

## Usage
Use this template when writing bilingual abstracts (English + Traditional Chinese). Each version must be independently composed — not a translation of the other.

---

## English Abstract

### [Paper Title in Title Case]

[**Background** — 1-2 sentences: Establish the context and identify the research problem.]

[**Purpose** — 1 sentence: State the specific research objective or question.]

[**Method** — 1-2 sentences: Describe the research approach, data sources, and analytical method.]

[**Findings** — 2-3 sentences: Present the key results. Include specific details, numbers, or effect sizes where applicable.]

[**Implications** — 1-2 sentences: State the significance, practical impact, or contribution to the field.]

**Keywords**: [keyword 1], [keyword 2], [keyword 3], [keyword 4], [keyword 5], [keyword 6] *(optional)*, [keyword 7] *(optional)*

*Target: 150-300 words*

---

## Chinese Abstract (zh-TW)

### [Paper Title in Chinese]

[**Research Background** — 1-2 sentences: Describe the research context and the problem being investigated.]

[**Research Purpose** — 1 sentence: Clearly state the research objective or research question.]

[**Research Method** — 1-2 sentences: Describe the research methodology, data sources, and analytical strategy.]

[**Research Findings** — 2-3 sentences: Present the main research results, including specific data or key findings.]

[**Research Significance** — 1-2 sentences: Explain the research contribution, practical implications, or theoretical value.]

**Keywords**: [Keyword 1], [Keyword 2], [Keyword 3], [Keyword 4], [Keyword 5], [Keyword 6] (optional), [Keyword 7] (optional)

*Target word count: 300-500 Chinese characters*

---

## Quality Checklist

| Check | EN | zh-TW |
|-------|:--:|:-----:|
| Covers all 5 components (Background, Purpose, Method, Findings, Implications) | ☐ | ☐ |
| Within word count range | ☐ | ☐ |
| Independently composed (not a translation) | ☐ | ☐ |
| Key findings match between versions | ☐ | ☐ |
| Quantitative data consistent | ☐ | ☐ |
| 5-7 keywords provided | ☐ | ☐ |
| Keywords complement title (not duplicate) | ☐ | ☐ |
| No citations in the abstract | ☐ | ☐ |
| No undefined abbreviations | ☐ | ☐ |
| Reads naturally in target language | ☐ | ☐ |

---

## Guidelines

### Independence Test
Your abstracts are truly independent if:
- Sentence structures differ between languages
- The Chinese version uses natural Chinese academic phrasing (not translationese)
- Minor details may be grouped or reordered to suit each language's conventions
- Both versions stand alone as complete summaries

### Keywords Strategy
- English and Chinese keywords should cover similar conceptual space
- Keywords should complement (not duplicate) the title
- Mix broad discipline terms with specific research terms
- Include methodology terms if distinctive
